We also conduct animal and birds feed testing especially for cows, buffalo, horse, and all types of pet birds feed etc. Please select test from the list below, you may also send your own specifications if any.
Our laboratories are capable to conduct analysis of client’s customized analytical requirements, so whether you are coming with own test methods and standards or selecting from other parties, we shall be able to accommodate your requests.
*Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S ) is carried out by the same method ASTM D 1945 only if the
level is in range of 0.3% mol to 30% mol however, if it appears to be lower than 0.3% mol,
H2S should be performed by ASTM D 6228.
*Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S ) is carried out by the same method ASTM D 1945 only if the
level is in range of 0.3% mol to 30% mol however, if it appears to be lower than 0.3% mol,
H2S should be performed by ASTM D 6228.
Vegetable acid oil shortly known as VAO, is a by-product obtained during the vegetable-oil refining process, especially when refining crude oils such as soybean, palm, sunflower, canola, or other edible oils.
It is mainly made up of free fatty acids (FFAs), along with some neutral oil, moisture, and other minor components.
How it is produced
During oil refining, soapstock is generated when free fatty acids are removed using an alkali (caustic soda). The soapstock can then be acidified with a strong acid, such as sulfuric acid, which releases the fatty acids. The resulting oily material is called vegetable acid oil.
Typical characteristics
High in free fatty acids: often around 50–90%, depending on the source and process
Darker in color than refined vegetable oil
Has a strong fatty/oily odor
Not normally suitable for direct human consumption
Composition varies considerably depending on the original vegetable oil
Common uses
Vegetable acid oil can be used as a raw material for:
Other industrial applications
Testing / Analysis
The testing panel should be selected according to its intended use—particularly whether it is being sold as an animal-feed ingredient, biodiesel feedstock, or industrial raw material. Because acid oils can differ substantially from conventional refined oils, some standard oil methods may require adaptation.
Animal-feed fat/energy sources (where permitted and properly processed)
Soap and detergent manufacturing
Biodiesel production
Fatty-acid and oleochemical manufacturing
Recommended VAO testing parameters and methods
Parameter
Typical reporting unit
Common test method
Purpose
Free Fatty Acids (FFA)
% as oleic acid
AOCS Ca 5a-40
Measures the level of free fatty acids; one of the most important VAO parameters
Acid Value (AV)
mg KOH/g
Titrimetric method; can be calculated from FFA
Indicates total acidity of the oil
Moisture & Volatile Matter
%
AOCS Ca 2b-38
Determines water and volatile components
Insoluble Impurities
%
AOCS Ca 3a-46
Measures dirt, suspended solids and other insoluble material
Important commercial quality parameter, particularly for feed/industrial trade
Unsaponifiable Matter
%
AOCS Ca 6a-40
Determines non-saponifiable components
Iodine Value (IV)
g I₂/100 g
AOCS Cd 1d-92
Indicates degree of unsaturation
Peroxide Value (PV)
meq O₂/kg
AOCS Cd 8b-90
Measures primary oxidation products
Saponification Value
mg KOH/g
AOCS Cd 3-25
Characterizes fatty-acid chain-length distribution
Color
Lovibond / AOCS color
AOCS Cc 13b-45 / Cc 13j-97
Determines visual color quality
Fatty Acid Composition (FAME/GC)
% of individual FA
AOCS Ce 1i-07 or applicable ISO method
Identifies and quantifies individual fatty acids
Neutral Oil / Triglycerides
%
AOCS Ca 9f-57 or suitable chromatographic method
Determines the amount of neutral oil remaining in VAO
Phosphorus
mg/kg
Appropriate ICP/AAS or validated oil method
Useful for assessing phospholipid/processing residues
Soap
ppm or %
AOCS soap method, where applicable
Detects residual soap from refining
Trace metals
mg/kg
ICP-OES/ICP-MS
Important for feed and biodiesel applications
Tocopherols/Tocotrienols
mg/kg
HPLC
Optional; useful for characterization and oxidation assessment
AOCS lists FFA, iodine value, peroxide value, moisture, fatty-acid composition and p-anisidine value among established analytical determinations for vegetable oils, with methods including Ca 5a-40, Cd 1d-92, Cd 8b-90, Ca 2b-38 and Ce 1i-07. AOCS also lists insoluble impurities and unsaponifiable matter methods for fats and oils.
1. Free Fatty Acids (FFA)
This is usually the most important parameter for VAO.
Method: AOCS Ca 5a-40 Principle: The sample is dissolved in an appropriate alcohol/solvent mixture and titrated with standardized alkali using an indicator. The result is generally expressed as % FFA calculated as oleic acid.
For example, if a specification says:
FFA = 70%
it means approximately 70% of the material is present as free fatty acids on the specified calculation basis.
AOCS specifically lists Ca 5a-40 for FFA determination in vegetable oils and fats.
2. Acid Value
Acid value is closely related to FFA and is expressed as mg KOH required to neutralize the acidic components in 1 g of sample.
For an oil where FFA is calculated as oleic acid:
Acid Value ≈ FFA (%) × 1.99
So, for example, 70% FFA corresponds approximately to an acid value of 139 mg KOH/g.
However, for commercial specifications, you should report FFA and acid value separately rather than assuming they are interchangeable.
3. Moisture
Method: AOCS Ca 2b-38 is one established method used for moisture in fats and oils.
High moisture can cause:
Hydrolysis
Increased corrosion
Storage problems
Biodiesel-processing difficulties
Reduced feed quality
For VAO, Karl Fischer titration may also be appropriate where a more specific water determination is required.
4. Insoluble Impurities
Method: AOCS Ca 3a-46 is listed for insoluble impurities in fats and oils.
This determines material that does not dissolve in the specified solvent, such as:
Dirt
Sediment
Processing residues
Foreign particulate matter
5. Unsaponifiable Matter
Method: AOCS Ca 6a-40.
This fraction includes substances that do not form soaps during saponification, such as certain sterols, hydrocarbons and related compounds.
It is particularly useful when calculating MIU (Moisture, Insoluble impurities and Unsaponifiable matter).
6. Iodine Value
Method: AOCS Cd 1d-92.
Iodine value provides an indication of the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids.
Generally:
Higher IV → greater unsaturation
Lower IV → greater saturation
This is particularly important if the VAO is intended for biodiesel production, because fatty-acid unsaturation affects oxidation stability and other fuel properties.
A high PV generally indicates that the material has undergone greater oxidative deterioration. For stored VAO, PV should therefore be monitored along with other oxidation indicators.
8. Fatty Acid Profile
Method: Gas chromatography of fatty-acid methyl esters (FAME), with an appropriate AOCS/ISO method such as AOCS Ce 1i-07.
A typical report may include:
C16:0 — Palmitic acid
C18:0 — Stearic acid
C18:1 — Oleic acid
C18:2 — Linoleic acid
C18:3 — Linolenic acid
The profile is especially useful for identifying the source of the VAO—for example, palm, soybean, sunflower, rapeseed/canola, etc.
9. Neutral Oil
Neutral oil represents the fraction of glycerides that remains in the acid oil in addition to the free fatty acids.
AOCS lists Ca 9f-57 for neutral oil determination in soybean oil proficiency testing.
This parameter can be commercially important because two VAO samples with the same FFA may have substantially different amounts of neutral oil.
Vegetable acid oil (VAO) is a secondary product generated during the refining of vegetable oils. It can result from the processing of crude oils such as soybean, palm, sunflower, canola, and other plant-based oils.
VAO consists predominantly of free fatty acids (FFAs), together with varying amounts of neutral oil, moisture, and other minor constituents.
Production Process
During the refining of crude vegetable oil, free fatty acids are commonly removed through alkali neutralization, producing a by-product known as soapstock. This soapstock is subsequently treated with an acid, such as sulfuric acid, to separate the fatty acids from the soap. The resulting fatty, acidic material is referred to as vegetable acid oil.
Main Characteristics
Contains a relatively high concentration of free fatty acids, commonly ranging from approximately 50% to 90%, depending on the oil source and manufacturing process.
Generally has a darker appearance than refined vegetable oils.
Typically possesses a noticeable fatty or oily odor.
It is generally not intended for direct human consumption.
Its chemical and physical properties can differ significantly according to the type of vegetable oil from which it is produced.
Applications
Vegetable acid oil has several commercial and industrial applications, including:
Animal feed: Used as a source of dietary fat and energy when it meets applicable feed-quality requirements.
Soap and detergent production: Utilized as a feedstock for manufacturing soaps and related products.
Biodiesel production: Can serve as a low-cost feedstock for producing biodiesel.
Oleochemical manufacturing: Used in the production of fatty acids and other oleochemical products.
Other industrial applications: Its high fatty-acid content makes it useful in various chemical and manufacturing processes.
Recommended VAO testing parameters and methods
Parameter
Typical reporting unit
Common test method
Purpose
Free Fatty Acids (FFA)
% as oleic acid
AOCS Ca 5a-40
Measures the level of free fatty acids; one of the most important VAO parameters
Acid Value (AV)
mg KOH/g
Titrimetric method; can be calculated from FFA
Indicates total acidity of the oil
Moisture & Volatile Matter
%
AOCS Ca 2b-38
Determines water and volatile components
Insoluble Impurities
%
AOCS Ca 3a-46
Measures dirt, suspended solids and other insoluble material
Important commercial quality parameter, particularly for feed/industrial trade
Unsaponifiable Matter
%
AOCS Ca 6a-40
Determines non-saponifiable components
Iodine Value (IV)
g I₂/100 g
AOCS Cd 1d-92
Indicates degree of unsaturation
Peroxide Value (PV)
meq O₂/kg
AOCS Cd 8b-90
Measures primary oxidation products
Saponification Value
mg KOH/g
AOCS Cd 3-25
Characterizes fatty-acid chain-length distribution
Color
Lovibond / AOCS color
AOCS Cc 13b-45 / Cc 13j-97
Determines visual color quality
Fatty Acid Composition (FAME/GC)
% of individual FA
AOCS Ce 1i-07 or applicable ISO method
Identifies and quantifies individual fatty acids
Neutral Oil / Triglycerides
%
AOCS Ca 9f-57 or suitable chromatographic method
Determines the amount of neutral oil remaining in VAO
Phosphorus
mg/kg
Appropriate ICP/AAS or validated oil method
Useful for assessing phospholipid/processing residues
Soap
ppm or %
AOCS soap method, where applicable
Detects residual soap from refining
Trace metals
mg/kg
ICP-OES/ICP-MS
Important for feed and biodiesel applications
Tocopherols/Tocotrienols
mg/kg
HPLC
Optional; useful for characterization and oxidation assessment
AOCS lists FFA, iodine value, peroxide value, moisture, fatty-acid composition and p-anisidine value among established analytical determinations for vegetable oils, with methods including Ca 5a-40, Cd 1d-92, Cd 8b-90, Ca 2b-38 and Ce 1i-07. AOCS also lists insoluble impurities and unsaponifiable matter methods for fats and oils.
1. Free Fatty Acids (FFA)
This is usually the most important parameter for VAO.
Method: AOCS Ca 5a-40 Principle: The sample is dissolved in an appropriate alcohol/solvent mixture and titrated with standardized alkali using an indicator. The result is generally expressed as % FFA calculated as oleic acid.
For example, if a specification says:
FFA = 70%
it means approximately 70% of the material is present as free fatty acids on the specified calculation basis.
AOCS specifically lists Ca 5a-40 for FFA determination in vegetable oils and fats.
2. Acid Value
Acid value is closely related to FFA and is expressed as mg KOH required to neutralize the acidic components in 1 g of sample.
For an oil where FFA is calculated as oleic acid:
Acid Value ≈ FFA (%) × 1.99
So, for example, 70% FFA corresponds approximately to an acid value of 139 mg KOH/g.
However, for commercial specifications, you should report FFA and acid value separately rather than assuming they are interchangeable.
3. Moisture
Method: AOCS Ca 2b-38 is one established method used for moisture in fats and oils.
High moisture can cause:
Hydrolysis
Increased corrosion
Storage problems
Biodiesel-processing difficulties
Reduced feed quality
For VAO, Karl Fischer titration may also be appropriate where a more specific water determination is required.
4. Insoluble Impurities
Method: AOCS Ca 3a-46 is listed for insoluble impurities in fats and oils.
This determines material that does not dissolve in the specified solvent, such as:
Dirt
Sediment
Processing residues
Foreign particulate matter
5. Unsaponifiable Matter
Method: AOCS Ca 6a-40.
This fraction includes substances that do not form soaps during saponification, such as certain sterols, hydrocarbons and related compounds.
It is particularly useful when calculating MIU (Moisture, Insoluble impurities and Unsaponifiable matter).
6. Iodine Value
Method: AOCS Cd 1d-92.
Iodine value provides an indication of the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids.
Generally:
Higher IV → greater unsaturation
Lower IV → greater saturation
This is particularly important if the VAO is intended for biodiesel production, because fatty-acid unsaturation affects oxidation stability and other fuel properties.
A high PV generally indicates that the material has undergone greater oxidative deterioration. For stored VAO, PV should therefore be monitored along with other oxidation indicators.
8. Fatty Acid Profile
Method: Gas chromatography of fatty-acid methyl esters (FAME), with an appropriate AOCS/ISO method such as AOCS Ce 1i-07.
A typical report may include:
C16:0 — Palmitic acid
C18:0 — Stearic acid
C18:1 — Oleic acid
C18:2 — Linoleic acid
C18:3 — Linolenic acid
The profile is especially useful for identifying the source of the VAO—for example, palm, soybean, sunflower, rapeseed/canola, etc.
9. Neutral Oil
Neutral oil represents the fraction of glycerides that remains in the acid oil in addition to the free fatty acids.
AOCS lists Ca 9f-57 for neutral oil determination in soybean oil proficiency testing.
This parameter can be commercially important because two VAO samples with the same FFA may have substantially different amounts of neutral oil.
Practical VAO specification panel
If you are testing vegetable acid oil for commercial purchasing/selling, I would recommend at minimum:
FFA (%)
Moisture (%)
Insoluble impurities (%)
Unsaponifiable matter (%)
MIU (%)
Iodine value
Peroxide value
Saponification value
Color
Neutral oil (%)
Fatty acid composition by GC
Phosphorus
Soap
Density/specific gravity
Trace metals, if required for the intended application
For animal-feed VAO, additional attention should be given to oxidation status, unsaponifiable matter, fatty-acid profile, contaminants and the suitability of the analytical method for acid oils. Research specifically examining acid oils used in animal feeding notes that conventional official methods may need modification to obtain reliable results with these materials.
If you tell me whether your VAO is palm oil acid oil, soybean acid oil, sunflower acid oil, or mixed vegetable acid oil, I can also give you a complete laboratory specification table with parameter, acceptable range, unit, AOCS/ISO method, apparatus, chemicals, calculation formula, and sample COA format.
Should you have any enquiries and looking for a competitive quote, feel free to contact us 24/7:
Get a Quote Today Instant response! [email protected] Middle East – Far East – Sub-continent – Africa – Europe – America – Australia – Asia
We are looking for an independent testing laboratory that can help verify the product’s quality, performance, and claims before market launch.
We are currently looking for laboratories with experience in the following areas:
1. Canine Palatability Testing (highest priority)
· Dog acceptance and preference testing
· Palatability evaluation for liquid supplements
· Feeding trials or other methodologies to assess product acceptance
2. Analytical Testing
· Verification of active ingredient identity and potency
· Testing of key ingredients and nutritional compounds
· Microbiological and safety testing where applicable
· Independent Certificate of Analysis (COA) validation
3. Stability Testing
· Shelf-life evaluation
· Accelerated and/or real-time stability studies
· Stability assessment of sensitive ingredients in liquid formulations
The product is a liquid daily supplement for dogs in a dropper bottle format, containing premium active ingredients. We would like to understand if your laboratory could support this type of project.
Could you please let us know the following:
·
· Services offered
· Experience with canine/pet products
· Palatability testing capability (Yes/No)
· Analytical testing capability (Yes/No)
· Stability testing capability (Yes/No)
· Estimated pricing / quote range
· Typical turnaround time
If canine palatability testing is not something you provide directly, we would also appreciate any recommendations for suitable partners who specialize in this area.
One of our highly proficient and ISO certified laboratory would be taking over this job.
Should you have any similar requisites, do drop us email and we shall revert instantly -> [email protected].
Our state of the art Electrical testing services involve inspecting and measuring the safety, performance, and compliance of electrical systems and equipment. These services are commonly used in homes, commercial buildings, industrial facilities, and construction projects.
Our ISO 9001-2008/2015, ISO/IEC 17025 Certified labs-
offer electrical testing services include but not limited to:
Transformer and generator testing – Assesses the condition and performance of power equipment. A comprehensive transformer condition assessment including DGA, Dielectric Strength, Dissipation, Furans etc. Generator installation plus period maintenance with emission testing etc.
Electrical installation testing – Verifies that wiring, outlets, switches/switchgear, and circuits are installed correctly and safely.
Insulation resistance testing – Checks the condition of cable insulation to identify deterioration or faults.
Earth (ground) resistance testing – Ensures grounding systems provide adequate protection against electric shock.
Continuity testing – Confirms that protective conductors and circuits are electrically continuous.
Residual Current Device (RCD/GFCI) testing – Verifies that protective devices trip correctly during fault conditions.
Portable Appliance Testing (PAT) – Tests portable electrical equipment for safety in workplaces and public environments.
Thermal imaging inspections – Uses infrared cameras to detect overheating components, loose connections, and overloaded circuits.
Power quality analysis – Identifies voltage fluctuations, harmonics, and other issues affecting equipment performance.
Circuit breaker and relay testing – Confirms protective devices operate within specified parameters.
SPECIALIZED ELECTRICAL SERVICES
Transformer Oil Testing and Commissioning Services
We provide comprehensive transformer oil testing and commissioning services to evaluate the condition, performance, and reliability of power and distribution transformers. Our experienced engineers conduct detailed oil analysis, electrical testing, and commissioning activities to ensure transformers are ready for safe energization and operate in accordance with project specifications, manufacturer recommendations, and applicable international standards.
Our services include dielectric breakdown voltage (BDV) testing, moisture content analysis, dissolved gas analysis (DGA), acidity (neutralization number) testing, interfacial tension (IFT), dielectric dissipation factor (tan δ), resistivity testing, oil sampling, and interpretation of laboratory results to assess insulation health and identify potential faults. During commissioning, we perform insulation resistance testing, transformer turns ratio (TTR) testing, winding resistance measurement, magnetic balance testing, vector group verification, polarity checks, excitation current testing, CT/PT verification, functional checks of auxiliary devices, protection relay testing, and complete pre-energization inspections.
Using advanced testing equipment and internationally recognized procedures, we verify the condition of transformer insulation systems, confirm the correct operation of associated protection and control systems, and identify issues before commissioning. Our transformer oil testing and commissioning services help improve asset reliability, extend equipment life, reduce the risk of unexpected failures, and ensure the safe and dependable operation of electrical power systems.
If you would like, we can also provide transformer oil filtration, vacuum dehydration, oil regeneration, and online DGA monitoring. More details about types of transformer oil testing could be found at our dedicated page – Transformer Oil Testing
We provide comprehensive testing and commissioning services for Low Voltage (LV) and Medium Voltage (MV) switchgear to ensure safe, reliable, and efficient operation of electrical power systems. Our experienced engineers perform detailed inspections, electrical testing, functional verification, and protection system validation to confirm that all equipment meets project specifications, manufacturer requirements, and applicable international standards.
Our services include insulation resistance testing, contact resistance measurement, circuit breaker testing, mechanical and electrical operation checks, protection relay testing, CT/PT verification, interlock and control circuit testing, busbar inspections, primary and secondary injection testing, and complete system commissioning. We verify the performance and coordination of all protective devices to ensure dependable operation under both normal and fault conditions.
By following industry best practices and internationally recognized standards, we help clients minimize operational risks, improve system reliability, and ensure the successful energization of new or upgraded electrical installations.
If you’d like, we can also tailor this for IEC/NETA standards, industrial plants, substations, or commercial buildings.
We provide comprehensive protective relay testing and commissioning services to ensure the reliability, selectivity, and performance of power system protection schemes. Our qualified engineers conduct detailed inspection, configuration verification, functional testing, and calibration of protective relays to confirm accurate operation and compliance with project specifications, manufacturer recommendations, and applicable international standards.
Our services include testing of overcurrent, earth fault, differential, distance, voltage, frequency, transformer, motor, generator, and feeder protection relays. We perform secondary injection testing, primary injection testing, logic and scheme verification, CT/PT polarity and ratio checks, trip circuit supervision, communication testing, protection coordination verification, and complete commissioning of protection systems.
Using advanced relay test equipment and industry best practices, we validate relay settings, operating characteristics, trip times, and communication interfaces to ensure dependable fault detection, isolation, and system protection. Our comprehensive testing and commissioning services help enhance power system reliability, minimize downtime, reduce operational risks, and ensure the safe energization and long-term performance of electrical networks.
Control Scheme & Interlocks Testing and Commissioning
We provide comprehensive control scheme and interlocks testing and commissioning services to ensure the safe, reliable, and coordinated operation of electrical power systems. Our experienced engineers verify the functionality of control circuits, protection logic, and interlocking schemes to ensure that all equipment operates in accordance with design intent, project specifications, manufacturer requirements, and applicable international standards.
Our services include control circuit verification, hardwired and PLC-based interlock testing, breaker and isolator interlock validation, sequence of operation testing, permissive and blocking logic verification, trip and close circuit testing, annunciation and alarm checks, remote and local control functionality testing, SCADA interface verification, and complete functional commissioning. We also perform end-to-end testing to confirm the correct interaction between switchgear, protection relays, circuit breakers, transformers, and auxiliary systems.
Using systematic testing procedures and advanced diagnostic equipment, we identify and rectify wiring, logic, and configuration issues before system energization. Our testing and commissioning services help enhance operational safety, ensure equipment protection, minimize commissioning risks, and deliver reliable, trouble-free performance of electrical installations.
We can also tailor these services specifically for substations, power plants, industrial facilities, or renewable energy projects if needed.
Cables & Motors Testing & Commissioning Services
We provide comprehensive cable and motor testing services to verify the integrity, performance, and reliability of electrical power and motor systems. Our experienced engineers perform detailed inspections and diagnostic testing to identify potential defects, ensure compliance with project specifications, manufacturer recommendations, and applicable international standards, and support the safe and efficient operation of electrical installations.
Our cable testing services include insulation resistance testing, continuity testing, conductor resistance measurement, sheath integrity testing, high-voltage (Hi-Pot) testing, VLF testing, cable identification and phasing, fault location, and cable termination verification. For electric motors, we conduct insulation resistance and polarization index (PI) testing, winding resistance measurement, surge comparison testing, phase balance verification, vibration analysis, bearing condition assessment, no-load and load performance testing, rotation verification, and functional testing.
Using advanced testing instruments and proven industry practices, we assess the condition of cables and motors, detect insulation degradation and electrical faults, and verify operational readiness prior to commissioning or maintenance. Our testing services help improve equipment reliability, reduce unplanned downtime, extend asset life, and ensure the safe and dependable operation of electrical systems.
VFDs, Soft Starters & Complex Control Circuits Testing and Commissioning
We provide specialized testing and commissioning services for Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs), soft starters, and complex control circuits to ensure reliable operation, optimal performance, and seamless integration within industrial and commercial electrical systems. Our experienced engineers verify system functionality, control logic, and communication interfaces to ensure compliance with project specifications, manufacturer requirements, and applicable international standards.
Our services include installation inspection, parameter configuration and validation, functional testing, motor control verification, input/output (I/O) testing, control logic verification, communication protocol testing (Modbus, Profibus, Profinet, Ethernet/IP, and other supported networks), interlock validation, protection function testing, sequence of operation verification, alarm and fault simulation, and performance optimization. We also conduct comprehensive testing of PLC-based and relay-based control circuits to ensure accurate coordination between drives, motors, switchgear, and process control systems.
Using advanced diagnostic tools and industry best practices, we verify the performance, safety, and reliability of drive systems and control circuits before energization and during commissioning. Our services help improve process efficiency, reduce commissioning time, minimize operational risks, enhance equipment protection, and ensure the long-term reliability of automated electrical systems.
Our competent services help:
Improve electrical safety.
Reduce the risk of fires and electrical failures.
Ensure compliance with applicable electrical codes and standards.
Minimize downtime through preventive maintenance.
Extend the lifespan of electrical equipment.
If you’re looking for electrical testing services near you, do drop us email and we shall assist wherever you are.
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